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These three small sepia tone photographs measure 2.25 by 3.5 inches. They are from my grandmother Sigrid Ruth Garner's (1903-1988) album she kept as a teenager living in NYC. They are identified on the front with pen and ink.

1866-1869 CDV of Fannie Perry by Maurice Farrington of Delhi, NY

This is an authentic carte de visite (cdv) vignette portrait of a lady named Fannie Perry. When visiting in Victorian America, these small photographs could be used as calling cards. Often one wrote his name on the back or front. In this case, it could have been the admirer who wrote her name. Notice the pinhole in the top. Someone idolized this young lady.

Fannie Perry posed at Maurice Farrington’s Art Gallery which was located over Calhoun & Sons’ Drug Store in Delhi, Delaware County, New York. Farrington was the Successor to Byron R. Johnson & Co. and likely would have bought Johnson's trade and equipment.

The albumen is on a thin cardboard mount which measures 2 1/4 inches x 4 inches, has rounded corners and a gold pinstripe border. The name of the photography studio is on the reverse.

This is fine example of a fancy day dress, with decorative braid on the bodice and cuffs. She is wearing dark gloves and the perfect Eugénie style hat should mean that the photo was taken before 1870, closer to 1866 to 1869. Fashion has always been everything.

In 1870, Maurice Farrington makes his first appearance as a working photographer in Delhi, NY. On the 1870 NY Census, he was one of many individuals living in a hotel belonging to David Cottrell. The post office for this address in the city was given on the census as Meredith.

Maurice Farrington was born 1837 in Delaware County, NY, and died after 1910 in Delhi, Delaware County, NY. He was the son of Morris Farrington (b ca 1791) and Ruth neé Frisbee* of Delhi, NY. Maurice Farrington married in 1872 to Fannie or Frances Eliza Thompson. By the 1880 Census they and their young son Frank and daughter Pauline were thriving with a maid servant in their employ.

Maurice Farrington served in Michigan during the War Between the States. His name is on the US Civil War Draft Registrations Rolls 1863-1865 - Class 1, No. 18 Farrington, Maurice, age 25, occupation Farmer, Single, born NY (Michigan 2nd, Vol 1 of 3, Class 1, A-K, p 240) Prior to that, in 1860, he was still living at home and farming with his father.

Using the 1870 New York Federal Census for downtown Delhi, it is possible to take a ramble and locate some important people and places for the timeline in the research of Maurice Farrington, photographer:

At Household No. 23 on page 4 is another photographer,   aged 42 with his family. [Do not know yet if he and Farrington knew each other.] By the time you reach Household No. 62, on page 8, there is Calhoun’s Drug Store, in which Maurice Farrington’s photo gallery was located in the upper story.

On page 9 of the same 1870 census, Fanny Thompson, aged 21, school teacher, was living with other young adults who may be her siblings [On the 1860 Census, she can be found in the household of Nathaniel R. Thompson and his wife, Caroline C.]

On page 13 at Household No. 95 is David Cottrell’s Hotel where Maurice Farrington was living in 1870.

And several pages further away at Household No. 192 is a single young lady named Fanny Perry! She was living with other female relatives.

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Conclusion

Since, Maurice Farrington was in Michigan in the Army as late as 1865, and working in his photography studio over the drug store in Delhi, NY in 1870, it only takes the fashion style of Fanny Perry’s outfit to estimate the date of this cdv as 1866-1869.

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SOURCES: A descendant on Ancestry.com has augmented the birth date of Maurice Farrington to 17 July 1837. He also gives the maiden name for his wife Fannie Farrington as Thompson.

*The Village of Delhi: Excerpts from the book by Pauline Hovenmeyer called "100 Years in the History of Delhi, New York 1860-1960". 

 Delaware County, NY Genealogy and History Site. List of Photography Studios in Delaware County. http://www.denyhistory.org/photo-studios.html

1880's Cabinet Photo of Antebellum Mother

Image in grayscale

Authentic antique cabinet photo of a much, much earlier photograph of a young mother and her baby. Her cotton print day dress is a perfect example of the style so many reenactors want to achieve. The style of her hair along the face and covering her ears was popular in the 1850’s and early 1860’s, the AnteBellum period.

Someone would have commissioned Mr. Mason, the photographer, to make a copy in order to preserve the older image. Mason was active in Cambridge, Massachusetts at least in the late 1880's and later. Philip C. Mason was born 19 March 1852 in England. There are immigration records for him that indicate he became a naturalized citizen in the US District Court in Boston on 25 Oct 1887. He is listed at the 186 North Avenue in Cambridge, MA address where the above photo was made, in 1888 through 1890. At that time he was living in a house in Somerville.

This cabinet card is from my personal collection. The design of this dress has been part of my research into 19th century American fashion and garment construction.

I have studied this many times and I cannot tell if the baby is wild-eyed and blurred because it was in motion or if this is  post mortem. The mother’s face tells me that the child had died. But it certainly is an unanswered question.  Many experts would say that it is a boy child because his hair is parted in the middle.

This cabinet photo image measures about 4¼ by 6 3/8 inches and the card board mount is off-white in color and has rounded corners. The photographer's name is under the image and the reverse is blank except for some traces of glue from being in an album earlier. Photo software has been used to enlarge the image to show details and gray scale.

Sources: 1888, 1889, 1890 Cambridge, MA City Directories and United States Naturalization Records Index 1791-1992 accessed through Ancestry.com.

Reverse

Authentic Victorian Era pair of cartes de visite (CDVs) of an unidentified middle aged couple who posed at the studio of I. F. Alger in Winchendon, Mass. On the 1870 Massachusetts State Census there is an Israel F. Alger, Photograph Artist, born about 1828 in Massachusetts.

The somber couple may be husband and wife, although there is no way to be certain. The lady has paper in her left hand which brings to mind a letter from a son or daughter. Her dress in 1860’s style, although some experts say that some women wore gowns that were out of style! She has a marvelous brooch at her throat. And extremely distinctive cross hatch pattern trim on hersleeves.

The CDVs measure about 2½ inches by 4 inches and the white or cream color card on which they are mounted is thin, with square corners anda delicate double gold pinstripe. The artists' mark is on the back. Every indication that the photos were taken in the mid to late 1860's.

Source: MA State Census

                          Alice L. Rice                                       Jessie Gertrude Ogilvie

These are likely formal portraits of two of  the graduating class of 1898 at Gardner High School. Their names are indicated on the back. These were taken at the studio of Towne & Whitney, Lady Photographers, Central St., West Gardner, Mass. The images measure 3 by 4 inches and are on charcoal gray colored textured card stock which measure 4 1/4 by 6 inches. Engraved in silver lettering on the front is the gallery name.

Towne & Whitney

Anna F. Towne and Alma F. Whitney had a photography studio in Gardner, Massachusetts, a little before and into the first decade of the 20th century.

Anna F. Towne was born Feb 1857 in Maine. From available information it seems she married in about 1876-1877 to Willis N. Towne, also a photographer (b ca 1855 in MA). They had two children, Anna M. Towne born 1877-1878 and Willis H. Towne born 1879-1880 both in MA. On the 1880 Census the family is living at 194 Washington St., Boston, MA along with Anna F. Towne’s mother-in-law Ursula Towne, sister-in-law Lilian M. Towne and brother-in-law Charles S. Towne.

Alma F. Whitney was born about 1862 in MA. In 1870 she and her siblings Alice E. and John D. were living with their widowed young mother, Emma Whitney (b ca 1841 in MA) in the Town of Athol in Worcester Co, MA. By 1880 Alma F. Whitley’s mother had married again to Sumner W. Pitts, a restaurant keeper in Athol. Alma was 18 yrs old and teaching school and living with them, her half sister Ada L. Pitts and two female boarders, or it is possible she was in Warwick. There is another listing for an Alma F. Whitney the same age, teaching school in Warwick and boarding with the family of Samuel Reed.

By 1900, Towne and Whitney were in partnership in Gardner, MA.  Anna F. Towne was 43 years old and divorced. Alma F. Whitney was 38 and unmarried. Their photography shop was at 143 Central St. in Gardner.  Working with them was Anna M. Towne, Anna’s daughter and young woman named Annie W. Ross.

That same year, 1900, Willis Towne was living and working at 289 Washington St., Boston, as a photographer with his second wife Clara Towne whom he married ca.1890.

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Clara L Rice, (above left) was an educator and Assistant Administrator of Art in Newton and Gardner, Massachusetts public schools. She was born in Nov 1879 to Orrin T. Rice and his wife Martha A. (or N.) Whittemon/Whittemor. On the 1880 Federal Census in Gardner Township, Worcester County, Massachusetts, she first appears aged six months with her parents and a sister Minnie who was born 1869, all born in MA, and maternal grandparents, William Whittemon born 1820 in MA, a Grocer and his wife Eliza born 1821 also in MA. Clara Rice's father Orrin Rice was working as a clerk in his father-in-law's grocery store.

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By 1900, Clara L. Rice was 20 years old, attending school and still living with her parents at 116 High Street in Gardner. She now had a younger brother William O. Rice (b ca 1881), also a student. Her father was working as a chair framer.

In 1910, her parents were living alone at 116 High Street, Gardner, but by 1920, Clara  was again at home with her parents at 116 High St. Her father was still working for a chair manufacturer and Clara was teaching in the public schools. By 1923, Clara Rice moved to Newton, Middlesex Co., MA; She is listed in the city and again in the 1929 Newton City Directory when she was assistant supervisor of drawing in the public schools in Newtonville.

Clara L. Rice, at age 50 is on the 1930 Census boarding at 17 Maple Ave., in Newton, with an elderly lady Delia E. Clegg, two Clegg relatives and one name Dorothy Taylor. In addition to Clara, there were three other unrelated spinsters who called this home: Fannie Tewkesberry  and two school teachers,Annie L. Laman and Gertrude P. Cutten. In the 1940 Newton City Directory, Clara L. Rice is still Assistant Supervisor of Art in the public school district.

Jessie Gertrude Ogilvie, (above right) was a Massachusetts educator. She was born about 1883 in Canada. She appears on the 1900 Federal Census in Gardner Township, Worcester Co., Massachusetts in the household of Charles B. Ogilvie and his wife Stella E. Ogilvie. There are other children: Florence E. Ogilvie, Eva M.Ogilvie, all born in Canada (English part) and Ivan B. Ogilvie and Clinton B. Ogilvie, who were both born in Massachusetts. All the children were attending school. Due to her Canadian birth, she can be traced further.

In 1910, Jessie G.Ogilvie is 27 years old and a resident in Elizabeth Thorpe's boarding house in Newton City, Middlesex County, MA, where she is teaching public school.  In 1920, J. Gertrude Ogilvie is back home living with her father and teaching public school in Groton. By 1930 she is living and teaching public school in Boston. 

Sources: US Federal Censuses, City Directories

Emma Shafer cdv by Charles Gasche of Wooster, OH ca. 1880

Authentic Victorian Era carte de visite portrait of a young lady identified in pencil as Emma Shafer. She posed at the studio of Charles Gasche, Photographer, Wooster, Ohio. According to the 1880 Federal Census for Wooster, Wayne Co., OH, Charles Gasche, artist, lived at 278 North Buckeye St. in Wooster.

Emma Shafer's dark hair falls in long curls. Her frock has shirred accents on the cuffs and she is wearing long dangle pierced earrings. Also there was an Emma Shaffer living on Buckeye Street in 1880. Listed on the same 1880 U.S. Census at 326 Buckeye St. in Wooster was a 13 year old school girl named Emma Shaffer; living with her father George Shaffer and family.

The 2 1/4 by 3 5/8 inch albumen is mounted on a heavy cream card with rounded corners and a gold pinstripe around the image. Overall it is 2 1/4 by 4 1/8 inches and the artist’s mark is printed on the pale yellow back.

In order to better estimate the date this cdv was taken, I searched for information about the photographer. Charles Gasche, artist, listed on the 1880 Federal Census for Ohio in the City of Wooster, was living at 278 North Buckeye Street with his wife Mary and two children, Paul G.  Gasche and Edmund Gasche. Charles Gasche was born about 1847 in Ohio of German parents who had emigrated from Prussia. Living nearby at No. 282 North Buckeye St. is Christian Gasche born about 1825 in Prussia. This it seems may have been Charles Gasche's mother.

And living several doors away at 275 North Buckeye St. is William H. Harvy, a photographer, with a wife Alice and daughter Jennie. Although I have no other information at this time about William H. Harvy, might they ever been in partnership as photographers? Could Charles Gasche have been working as a photocolorist?

There was no one that resembled Charles Gasche on the 1900 Census in Wooster or elsewhere. I then found a record of death for a Charles Gasche:

There is an Ohio Obituary Index 1830s-2009 at the Rutherfordf B. Hayes Presidential Center. My reference was found on Ancestry.com:

Name:  Charles Gasche, born 1847, died 3 July 1886 at the age of 39, in Wayne County, OH. Source: Newspaper: Wayne County Democrat; Wooster Weekly Republican, Wooster, Ohio, issue of Jul 1886, p. 3, col. 0.  Newspaper Repository at Wayne County Public Library (Wooster). See also: Wayne County Grave Registration Cards by Bonnie Knox, Wayne County Public Library. Other notes: Civil War, Army, Co B, 186th OH vol.inf; Wooster Cemetery, Wooster, Ohio.

There is  a service record for Charles Gasche referred to in the Ohio Obituary Index. He served in Co. B of the 186 Ohio Infantry. He first received a pension as an invalid (disabled) in May 1881, and then his widow Mary petitioned again and received his pension as his widow in 1886. Although the several service records listed may be for more than one Charles Gasche, his name is to be found in U.S. Civil War Soldiers,1861-1865. Also  American Civil War Soldiers.

On the 1870 Census, Charles Gasche, born about 1847 in OH, a fresco painter by profession, appears twice, once listed as a single man living in the home with Gottlieb Gasche, a wealthy butcher, born about 1818 in Prussia and Christena Gasche born about 1825 in Prussia, living in the second ward. In the second listing he is boarding in the first ward with a family named Stark: Charles Gosche,  Fresco Painter, born about 1846 in OH. A woman Mary Gasche aged 23 is living next door.

On the 1860 Federal Census, Charles Gashey is aged 13 and living with his family in Wooster, Wayne County, OH. His father is G. Gashey 46, his mother is Christian Gashay 35 and he has two brothers Augustus G. 15 and William G. 10. There is an older Cath Nold aged 65 living with them.

And in 1850 Federal Census in Wooster, Wayne Co., Charles Gashey is 4 and with his family Gotleib Gashey 34, Christiann Gashey 25, August Gashey 5, Charles Gashey 4 and  William Gashey 0.

Souces: US Federal Censuses; Ohio Obituary Index 1830's-2009 at the Rutherfordf B. Hayes Presidential Center. All accessed on Ancestry.com.

With the use of photo software, it is possible to "clean" the appearance of the image. Photos of this kind are used by costume makers and authors writing about Victorian fashion.

Authentic Victorian Era carte de visite portrait of a young woman who posed at the studio of D. B. Vickery, 37 Merrimack St., Haverhill, Mass. According to the Haverhill Massachusetts City Directory for 1869-1870, Dexter B. Vickery, Photographer, was indeed at 37 Merrimack St.in Haverhill.

The lady's hair is plaited and curled and a froth of lace sets off her face. And she is wearing large wood or semi precious stone crosses on earwires, dangle earrings which must be more than two inches long.

The albumen measures about 2 3/8 inches by 3 5/8 inches and is mounted on a heavy white or cream card with rounded corners, that is 2 1/2 inches by 4 1/8 inches. The artist's mark is in a fanciful pattern on the back. The cdv is not in the best condition, but the image itself is clear and has good contrast. Photo software has been used to enlarge and touch up the image to show her lovely face.

The photographer Dexter B. Vickery appears clearly in New England Censuses from 1850 to 1900. He was born in about 1840, the son of Alfred Vickery, a farmer in Merrimack, New Hampshire. By 1860, at just the age of 19, D. B. Vickery was a Daguerrean Artist in Lowell, Massachusetts. William Kendall, another Daguerrean Artist, born about 1832, is boarding at the same address as Vickery in 1860.

By the 1870 Census, Dexter Vickery, Photographer, was flourishing and working in Haverhill, Massachusetts, and married to Julia Vickery. As noted in the Haverhill City Directory 1869-1870, he was at 37 Merrimack Street, as the back of the photo also shows.

Vickery and wife Julia are also listed in Haverhill on the 1880 Census, living at 19 Highland Avenue. Boarding with him is Eva Lee, his niece, aged 27 and single, who is working as an Artist, possibly as a retouch artist. Also another lady named Ginny Blakeslee, a boarder, is also working as an Artist.

Sources: Federal Censuses

This is an authentic Civil War era half cased ninth-plate tintype or ambrotype of an infant. The 1850’s medallion patterned dress ties at the shoulders and has a double row of ribbon trim at the hem. Mother may be wearing a medallion print, too. Both girl and boy babies wore gowns.

The image looks to be in it’s original back half of the wooden case which once had a matching cover, velvet padding and a hook and eye. The slightly scuffed case measures about 2½ inches by 2¾ inches.

Often images are left undisturbed in the case in which they came to the collector. There is a risk of damaging components or worse yet, the plate itself. A magnet can be used to determine if an image is a tintype or an ambrotype, but the magnet has no effect through the case.

I couldn’t stand the suspense of what might be in the case behind the picture. If the glass had become cloudy, it might  be hiding more of the image as well. I really wanted to see the surface finish and clarity. I gently lifted it out, tintype, glass, mat and keeper all together. Nothing written, stamped or labeled for identification. The back of the keeper is folded and can be bent outwards allowing the tintype, mat and glass to come out allowing them to be separated. The glass is clean and clear. It seems the tintype is in remarkably fine condition, the surface being undamaged. The undamaged back of the tintype is brown and brown backed plates were produced after 1870.

Hidden behind the brass mat is the person holding the baby! Using photo software I worked to further reveal the people in the picture. Yes, it’s still a dark little cased image, but that image inside is full of life. The lovely young mother is adjusting her child’s dress and feet. Her jacket has flared cuffs and a braid trimmed wide collar. Over her shoulder is one of the knobs of the back of the posing chair. It appears her hair is pulled back or upswept.

                                       An irreplaceable picture from our past.

What have I accomplished by all of these actions? The darkened not well focused picture of a baby comes alive. If the mother were having her picture taken, she would have been looking straight into the camera. Here we have a happy young mother proudly posing her baby just as if it were yesterday.

How long ago was it taken? The fashions look like the 1860’s or earlier. The tintype has a brown back which makes it 1870 or later, but it is likely a re-photographed copy of an earlier image dating back to the Civil War and possibly earlier. An irreplaceable picture from our past.

C. A. Miller, photographer, was active in Moberly, Randolph County, Missouri from at least 1900 until 1910. He was born about Dec 1875 in Virginia of Virginia-born parents.

This is a cabinet photo portrait of an unidentified lady from the first decade of the past century. It was taken by C. A. Miller in Moberly, Randolph County, Missouri. Her ruffled gown has a lace yoke, high collar with lace appliqué and lace trimmed cuffs. She is complete with a gold watch on a long chain and a wedding ring.

The image itself is 3 by 5½ inches and mounted on a cabinet card which measures about 5½ by 8½ inches. The mat is cream colored and has abeveled edge. The photographer's name with a crest is stamped under the photo.The reverse is blank. Heavy wear but distinctive image.

It is possible to locate C. A. Miller using Federal Census Records in 1900 and 1910 when he lists his occupation as photographer.

In 1910, Federal Census for Missouri in Moberly, Sugar CreekTownship in Randolph County, is Charles Miller and wife Ada living with her father Ben Sims and wife at 718 Reed St.

There is a marriage certificate for C A Miller and Ada Sims dated 22 Nov 1899 in Moberly, MO.

On the 1900 Federal Census for Missouri in Moberly, Sugar CreekTownship in Randolph County, is Charles Miller and wife Ada living withher father Ager B. Sims and wife at 718 Reed on 7 June 1900. The census taker also found Chas A. Miller and Ada renting a house at 323 Reed St., which was likely the studio address.

Nearby at 317½ Reed St.is another photographer named Will Reese. born March 1870 in KY of KY parents. He married Laura O. in about 1898 and they have a daughter who was born in 1809 in Missouri.

This is an authentic antique cabinet photo of three unidentified graduates. These lady scholars are in fluffy white dresses with neck ribbons and high collars. The girl standing has a neck chain with a gold locket or brooch. The seated lady on the left has a double neck chain and the one on the right has a satin ribbon sash with fringe. All three have lily of the valley sprays and their diplomas.

                        

The image measures 3¾ inches by 5½ inches and is on a whitecard board mount with a gold pinstripe around the image and rounded corners and overall measures 4 ¼ inches by 6 ½ inches. The artists' mark is below the image in gold and the reverse is blank.

Using Federal and State Census Records and City Directories,it is possible to follow an early American photographer Theodore A. Brown from 1860 to 1920, and his son Lisle W. Brown, from birth in 1875 until the latter's death in Seattle, Washington in 1940.

On the 1900 Federal Census for Iowa, in Marshalltown, Marshall County, are two photographers named Brown. Living together at No. 19 West Main Street, the same address as on the one printed on the photo, are: Theodore A. Brown, photographer, born July 1851 in Illinois and his son, Lisle W. Brown, photographer, born October 1875 in Illinois. Anna J. Brown who is listed with them is the second wife of Theodore A. Brown. Later in 1920 Anna J. Brown was working as a photographer with her husband. It is noted on the 1910 Federal Iowa Census that they married around 1900 and that it was Theodore A. Brown’s second marriage (and so she is not the mother of Lisle W. Brown.)

On the 1880 Federal Census for Iowa, in Marshalltown and Marshall County is Theodore Brown, photographer, born about 1851 in Illinois.With him are his first wife Alice Brown, born about 1853 in Ohio, his son,Lisle Brown, born about 1875 in Illinois and daughter Edith Brown, born about 1878 in Iowa.

On the 1885 Iowa State Census, Lisle W. Brown is eight years old and in school. By the 1900 Federal Iowa Census, he is working as a photographer with his father. According to the 1905 Iowa State Census, Lisle W.Brown was no longer with his father T. W. Brown and wife at 506 W. Main in Marshalltown in 1905.

There is a military record for a man named Lisle W. Brown who served in the Iowa National Guard. There is record of service for a Lisle W.Brown in the Spanish American War. When Company H of the 49th Iowa National Guard was organized in Marshalltown, Iowa on 4 June 1897 by Captain R. N. Darley and Lieutenant Charles S. Aldrich, Lisle W. Brown is listed at the rank of First Sergeant. In 1904, a Lisle W. Brown served as Regimental Sergeant Major in Company M of the Iowa National Guard.

On the 1910 Federal Iowa Census Theodore A. Brown, Artistic Photographer, born about 1851 in Illinois, is in Marshalltown, Marshall Co., IA. He and Anna Brown are rooming with George C. Hixson on 12 South Fifth Avenue.

In 1920, Theodore A. Brown, Photographer with a Studio, was enumerated in Bellingham, Whatcom County, Washington.He and Anna J. Brown are living and working together as Photographers at 609 16th.They owned the structure free and clear. [See last two paragraphs.]

Lisle W. Brown and wife Nona M. Brown are listed on the 1910 Federal Census for Wisconsin in Dane County,in Madison.Their address was 1017 W. Johnston St. and they apparently married about 1907. An infant daughter Eleanor was born in 1910 in Wisconsin. This census lists Lisle W.Brown's occupation as Photographer at the University. The 1911 Madison Wisconsin City Directory has the couple living in Madison and his occupation is University Photographer and again on the 1920 Federal Wisconsin Census, he is listed as Photographer U. of Wis.

By the 1923 Seattle Washington City Directory, Lisle W.Brown and Nona S. Brown are listed at 6313 10th Avenue NE. On the 1930 Washington Federal Census in Seattle, King County, Lisle W. Brown, his wife and daughter appear. He was working as a Demonstratorfor Eastman Kodak in Seattle. Lisle W. Brown died 27 September 1940 in Seattle, Washington. (See Washington State Deaths)

 

The 1860 Illinois Federal Census lists a Theodore Brown who wa sthe son of John Brown, Farmer, who was born about 1815 in Denmark, and his wife Joanna Brown born about 1818 in Denmark.They were enumerated in Livingston County, Newtown Township; the Post Office was New Michigan. At that time, Theodore Brown was 10 years old, born Illinois, he is at school and he had a brother John Brown aged about 11 also born in Illinois.

In 1850, John Brown born 1815 in Denmark was a Painter in Stark County, Illinois. His wife was Joanna born about 1818 in Denmark . At that time they had three children: Mary D. Brown, born about 1842, Elizabeth J. Brown, born about 1844 and John Brown, born about 1849 in Illinois, who corresponds to son, John Brown on the 1860 Illinois Census. John Brown, born1815 in Denmark is also listed as a Painter in Adams, LaSalle County, Illinois on the 1870 Federal Census.